ABSTRACT: Vale do Ribeira is one of the largest banana producing regions in Brazil. However, information on soil fertility and nutrient status that could limit fruit production remains scarce. Thus, the present study diagnosed the most limiting nutrient parameters for the Nanica and Prata banana cultivars, in Vale do Ribeira, São Paulo State, based on soil and leaf chemical analyses. The data assessed included samples from commercial plantations in the municipalities of Eldorado, Cajati, Jacupiranga, Pariquera-açú, Registro and Sete Barras, between 2012 and 2020. The results of soil (pH, V, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) and leaf chemical analyses (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) were interpreted according to literature values and their maximums, minimums, means, coefficients of variation (CV), and confidence intervals (CI) were calculated at P < 0.05. Parameter classes were assessed according to their frequency distribution. A large part of the samples exhibited pH and V values similar to those recommended for banana plants. Although, average soil nutrient concentrations were considered high, soil K, Mg and S levels did not provide adequate banana plant nutrition, since these nutrients were deficient in the plants.

RESUMO: O Vale do Ribeira é uma das maiores regiões produtoras de banana do Brasil. Contudo, ainda são escassas informações sobre a fertilidade do solo e o estado nutricional das plantas que possam limitar a produção da fruta na região. Deste modo, o presente trabalho objetivou diagnosticar os parâmetros nutricionais mais limitantes para as cultivares de bananeira, Nanica e Prata, no Vale do Ribeira - SP, a partir de laudos de análises químicas de solo e folha. Os dados avaliados compreenderam amostragens realizadas em pomares comerciais, nos municípios de Eldorado, Cajati, Jacupiranga, Pariquera-açú, Registro e Sete Barras entre os anos 2012 e 2020. Os resultados das análises químicas de solo (pH, V, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn) e folha (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn) foram interpretados de acordo com valores disponíveis na literatura e calculados seus valores máximos, mínimos, médias, coeficientes de variação (CV) e intervalos de confiança (IC) a P < 0.05. As classes de interpretação dos parâmetros foram avaliadas de acordo com sua distribuição de frequência. Grande parte das amostras apresentaram valores de pH e V próximos aos indicados para a bananeira. As concentrações de nutrientes no solo, em média, foram consideradas altas, no entanto, para K, Mg e S, a concentração no solo não refletiu em adequada nutrição da bananeira, estando esses nutrientes deficientes na planta.

ABSTRACT. This study aimed to evaluate the nutrition of commercial soybean crops in an agricultural frontier region using the diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS) and compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND) methods, as well as identify sufficiency ranges. The study was performed by collecting leaf samples (third trifoliate leaf without petiole) at flowering from commercial soybean crops in the states of Piauí and Maranhão, Brazil, and evaluating the crop yield by analyzing macro- and micronutrients in the plant tissue of 98 samples. The DRIS and CND methods were applied based on the cataloged data, followed by the generation of norms, analysis of relationships between yield and nutrients (selecting high-yield crops by the cumulative function of the data), generation of sufficiency ranges, and comparison of methods. The relationships obtained by the DRIS and CND indices with the yield and nutrients were significant, indicating that both methods can be employed for the evaluation of leaf nutrients in soybean. The sufficiency ranges from the DRIS and CND methods presented superior nutrient ranges in relation to the values proposed in the literature for macronutrients, except for nitrogen, and greater range amplitudes for micronutrients.

RESUMEN La acumulación de nutrientes durante la formación de árboles de carambola (Averrhoa carambola) puede ser afectado por el régimen de agua y por el cultivar, sin embargo, esto aún no es conocida para esta especie. El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar la acumulación de nutrientes de dos cultivares de carambola en fase de formación, bajo dos regímenes de irrigación. El experimento fue realizado en campo, mediante diseño completamente al azar, con parcelas divididas, siendo estas parcelas dos niveles de irrigación (con y sin irrigación) y, como subparcelas, dos cultivares de carambola (B-10 y Golden Star) y siete épocas de recogida de plantas, entre 0 a 720 días después del transplante (DAT), con seis réplicas. La acumulación de nutrientes fue evaluada en el tallo y las hojas, y fue posible observar que la toma de nutrientes y la tasa promedio de acumulación siguió la acumulación de masa seca de los árboles de carambola en formación. La acumulación de nutrientes por la parte aérea a los 720 DAT fue diferente, siendo que para la 'Golden Star' en el régimen seco y para la 'B-10' en ambos regímenes de irrigación no hubo diferencia, siguiendo la secuencia Ca > K > N > Mg > S > P > Mn > Fe > Zn > B > Cu, y para el cultivar Golden Star en el régimen irrigado, la secuencia de acumulación fue Ca > K > N > Mg > Mn > P > S > Fe > Zn > B > Cu. La más alta acumulación ocurrió en el régimen irrigado, independientemente del cultivar. El cultivar Golden Star acumuló, en promedio, cantidades mayores de N, P, K, Mg, S, Fe y Mn.

ABSTRACT Nutrient accumulation during the formation of star fruit (Averrhoa carambola) trees can be affected by the water regime and by the cultivar, but the details are not yet known for this species. The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutrient uptake of two star fruit cultivars in the formation phase under two irrigation regimes. The experiment was developed with a completely randomized design, with subdivided plots, with two irrigation levels (with and without irrigation) as plots, and two star fruit cultivars as subplots ('B-10' and 'Golden Star') and seven collection times from 0 to 720 days after transplanting (DAT) into the field as sub-subplots with six replicates. Nutrient uptake was evaluated in stem and leaves, and it was possible to observe that nutrient uptake and the average accumulation rate followed the dry matter mass accumulation of star fruit trees in formation. Nutrient uptake by shoots at 720 DAT differed for the Golden Star cultivar in the rainfed regime and for the B-10 cultivar in both irrigation regimes. There was no difference and followed the sequence Ca > K > N > Mg > S > P > Mn > Fe > Zn > B > Cu, and for Golden Star cultivar in the irrigated regime, the accumulation sequence was Ca> K> N> Mg> Mn> P> S> Fe> Zn > B> Cu. The highest accumulation occurred in the irrigated regime regardless of cultivar. Golden Star cultivar accumulated, on average, larger amounts of N, P, K, Mg, S, Fe and Mn.

Resumo A caramboleira é uma frutífera exótica, originária das regiões topicais da Ásia, que encontrou no Brasil condições climáticas adequadas ao seu desenvolvimento, tornando- se uma espécie promissora para o cultivo em todo o País. Entretanto, apesar do clima favorável, nas regiões tropicais, os solos, em geral, são ácidos e de baixa fertilidade natural. Soma-se a isso, o fato de que, devido à condição perene da caramboleira, suas raízes permanecem por vários anos explorando praticamente o mesmo volume de solo, o que requer o monitoramento constate da fertilidade do solo e do estado nutricional das plantas. Os resultados de pesquisas têm comprovado que a caramboleira é responsiva à calagem e à aplicação de fertilizantes, com ganhos de produtividade e com melhorias na qualidade dos frutos. Entretanto, para garantir respostas positivas e sucesso na atividade agrícola, é necessário que os corretivos da acidez do solo e os adubos sejam aplicados de forma técnica e eficiente, com base no uso de ferramentas agronômicas já consagradas, como a análise de solo e de folhas. Esta revisão tem como objetivo reunir informações de pesquisas, principalmente as realizadas no Brasil, sobre as exigências nutricionais da caramboleira, sugerindo as melhores práticas agronômicas na área de fertilidade do solo e de nutrição dessa frutífera

Abstract Star fruit is an exotic fruit, originally from the topical regions of Asia, which found in Brazil adequate climatic conditions for its development, making it a promising species for cultivation throughout the country. However, despite the favorable climate, soils in tropical regions are generally acidic and have low natural fertility. In addition, due to the perennial condition of the star fruit tree, its roots remain for several years exploring practically the same soil volume, which requires constant monitoring of soil fertility and the nutritional status of plants. Research results have proven that the star fruit tree is responsive to liming and fertilizer application, with productivity gains and improvements in fruit quality. However, to ensure positive responses and success in agricultural activity, it is necessary that soil acidity correctors and fertilizers are applied in a technical and efficient manner based on the use of well-established agronomic tools, such as soil and leaf analysis. This review aims to gather information from studies, mainly those carried out in Brazil, on the nutritional requirements of star fruit trees, suggesting the best agronomic practices of soil fertility and nutrition of this fruit tree.

Resumo Padrões nutricionais com base em dados de longo prazo melhoram o diagnóstico nutricional da cultura, pois tornam as normas mais precisas e estabelecem critérios mais refinados. Objetivou-se avaliar o estado nutricional da cultura da manga utilizando a meto-dologia DRIS para identificar as limitações nutricionais e para validar as normas. Foi utilizado banco de dados de 202 talhões comerciais, cujas folhas foram coletadas no período de in-dução floral, entre 2011 e 2018, no Semiárido brasileiro. A produtividade da manga ‘Keitt’, nas condições do Semiárido brasileiro, não foi relacionada com o IBN do DRIS. A concentra-ção dos nutrientes apresenta relação positiva e significativa com os respectivos índices DRIS, possibilitando a determinação do ponto de equilíbrio, estabelecendo um padrão nutricional e viabilizando a utilização da diagnose foliar para a variedade. A ordem de nutrientes com maior frequência de limitações por falta, em ordem decrescente, foi: Zn > Al > Na > Cu > S > B > Mn > P = K > Fe > Ca > N > Mg, e limitantes por excesso, em ordem decrescente, foi: Fe > Na > Mg > Al > Cu > B = N > S > Ca > P = K > Zn > Mn.

Abstract Nutritional standards based on long-term data improve the nutritional diagnosis of the crop, as they make norms more precise and establish more refined criteria. This study aimed to evaluate the nutritional status of the mango crop using the DRIS methodology to identify nutritional limitations and validate norms. A da-tabase of 202 commercial plots was used, whose leaves were collected in the floral induction period between 2011 and 2018 in the Brazilian semiarid region. The productivity of 'Keitt' mango under the Brazilian semiarid conditions was not related to NBI-DRIS. Nutrient concentration presents positive and significant relationship with the respective DRIS indices, enabling the determination of the balance point, establishing a nutritional standard and enabling the use of foliar diagnosis for the variety. The order of nutrients with the highest frequency of limitations due to lack, in decreasing order, was: Zn > Al > Na > Cu > S > B > Mn > P = K > Fe > Ca > N > Mg, and limitation due to excess, in decreasing order was: Fe > Na > Mg > Al > Cu > B = N > S > Ca > P = K > Zn > Mn.

Resumo A quantificação dos nutrientes acumulados e exportados pelos cachos da bana-neira fornece informações sobre as exigências nutricionais da cultura. Deste modo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a demanda nutricional de cachos de bananeiras ‘Grande Naine’ e ‘Prata Comum’, no Vale do Ribeira, Estado de São Paulo. Realizou-se a amostragem dos cachos em seis períodos de coleta, no verão e inverno. Os resultados de produção de matéria seca e o acúmulo de nutrientes nos cachos foram submetidos à análise de variância. Estimaram-se as taxas de crescimento relativo (TCR), a acumulação líquida organogênica (TALON), a exportação e a ordem de acúmulo de nutrientes pelos cachos. O K e o N foram os nutrientes mais acumulados e exportados pelas duas cultivares. No período de coleta 5 (colheita comercial), foi produzida mais matéria seca no verão e acumulados mais nutrientes no inverno. As maiores TCRs foram observadas entre os períodos 2-3 no verão e 0-1 no inverno, porém a mesma nem sempre acompanhou a TALON. Os resultados obtidos são importantes para adequar o manejo nutricional dessas cultivares na região de estudo, principalmente em relação às épocas de cultivo, devido à maior permanência do cacho na planta no inverno e maior demanda de nutrientes até à colheita comercial.

Abstract The quantification of nutrients accumulated and exported by banana bunches provides information on the crop nutritional requirements. Thus, the aim of this work was to determine the nutritional demand of 'Grande Naine' and 'Prata Comum' banana bunches in the region of Vale do Ribeira, state of São Paulo. Bunch sampling was carried out in six harvest seasons, summer, and winter. The results of dry matter production and nutrient accumulation in bunches were submitted to analysis of variance. Relative growth rates (TCR), organogenic net accumulation (TALON), export and order of nutrient accumulation in bunches were estimated. K and N were the nutrients most accumulated and exported by both cultivars. In har-vest period 5 (commercial harvest), more dry matter was produced in the summer and more nutrients were accumulated in the winter. The highest TCR values were observed between periods 2 and 3 in the summer and between 0 and 1 in the winter, but it did not always follow TALON. The results obtained are important to adapt the nutritional management of these cultivars to the study region, especially in relation to the growing season, due to the longer permanence of the bunch on the plant in the winter and greater demand for nutrients until commercial harvest.

Resumo A seleção de porta-enxertos com características de interesse, como resistência a pragas e doenças, e compatibilidade com copa capaz de produzir frutos atrativos ao mercado, revolucionou as frutíferas em todo o mundo. No entanto, o enorme potencial das plantas de serem selecionadas com base em sua eficiência de absorção de nutrientes ainda não foi devidamente explorado; isso pode ser feito com base no conhecimento dos parâmetros cinéticos, como influxo, velocidade máxima de absorção, constante de afinidade do íon com o transportador e concentração mínima. A adaptação de uma metodologia elaborada para safras anuais, para definição de parâmetros cinéticos, bem como o desenvolvimento brasileiro do software Influx possibilitaram não só selecionar porta-enxertos de pessegueiro com diferentes capacidades de absorção de nutrientes, mas também observar a influência da enxertia de uma determinada cultivar copa na capacidade do porta-enxerto de absorver determinado nutriente do solo. Assim, porta-enxertos e cultivares de árvores frutíferas sempre podem ser selecionados com base em características desejadas pelos fruticultores e consumidores, com ênfase na produtividade e na qualidade dos frutos. Eles também podem ser mais eficientes na absorção de nutrientes de solos de baixa fertilidade natural que requerem maiores quantidades de nutrientes, fato que pode aumentar a racionalização do uso de fertilizantes e reduzir os processos de contaminação ambiental resultantes de aplicações excessivas de nutrientes.

Abstract The selection of rootstocks presenting traits of interest, such as resistance to pests and diseases, and compatibility with scion capable of producing fruits attractive to the market, has revolutionized fruit crops worldwide. However, the enormous potential of plants to be selected based on their nutrient uptake efficiency is yet to be properly explored; it can be done based on knowledge about kinetic parameters such as Influx, Maximum uptake velocity, Constant ion affinity with the carrier, and Minimum concentration. The adaptation of a methodology elaborated for annual crops to set kinetic parameters, as well as the Brazilian development of the Influx software, enabled selecting not only peach rootstocks with different nutrient uptake capacities, but also observing the influence the grafting of a particular cultivar crown has on rootstock’s ability to uptake a given nutrient from the soil. Thus, fruit tree rootstocks and cultivars can always be selected based on traits desired by fruit growers and consumers, with emphasis on yield and quality of fruits. They can also be more efficient in taking up nutrients from low natural-fertility soils that require lower nutrient amounts, a fact that increases fertilizer use rationalization and reduces environmental contamination processes resulting from excessive nutrient applications.

Resumen El pseudotallo es un residuo abundante resultante después de la cosecha del racimo de banano (Musa spp. AAA) que sirve como fuente de agua, nutrientes y sustancias orgánicas. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar en invernadero el efecto de los residuos de pseudotallo en el cultivo de banano ‘Nanica, bajo condiciones ambientales contrastantes. Para esto, en la Universidad Estadual de Sao Paulo -UNESP se realizó un experimento en un diseño de bloques al azar en un esquema factorial 2 x 2 (presencia o ausencia de desechos y dos estaciones), con cuatro repeticiones de tres parcelas experimentales con dos macetas por planta. La primera temporada de evaluaciones se realizó a comienzo de noviembre de 2018 (época de verano) y la otra mitad en mayo de 2019 (época de invierno). Para las mediciones, en ambas épocas se tomaron porciones de 40 cm de pseudotallo de una planta recién cosechada, se seccionaron en porciones de 10 cm y se colocaron debajo del sustrato de la maceta que contenía plántulas. Periódicamente, se evaluaron la altura, el diámetro del pseudotallo y la emisión de hojas. Después de la liberación del lixiviado por el residuo, las plantas fueron llevadas al laboratorio y se determinaron, el área de hojas y raíces con las masas respectivas y el contenido de nutrientes en la hoja. La composición nutritiva del residuo se evaluó antes de su aplicación en ambas estaciones del año. En verano, la materia seca acumulada en los diferentes órganos, el área de la hoja y el área de la raíz fue mayor en presencia del residuo; mientras que en invierno, solo la masa seca de la raíz fue más alta (P < 0.01). Los resultados mostraron, además, que la incorporación de residuos tuvo un efecto constante sobre el crecimiento de la raíz.

Abstract Pseudostem is an abundant residue after harvesting of the banana bunch, serving as a source of water, nutrients and organic substances. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of pseudostem waste on ‘Nanica’ banana (Musa spp. AAA) cultivar in greenhouse under contrasting environmental conditions. For this, an experiment was carried out in in the Sao Paulo State University -UNESP in a randomized block design in a 2 x 2 factorial scheme (presence or absence of waste and two seasons), consisting of four replicates of three experimental plots with two pots per plant. One season was early November/2018 (Summer) and the other half of May/2019 (Winter). A 40 cm portion of the pseudostem collected from of a freshly harvested plant was sectioned into 10 cm portions and placed under the substrate of the seedling-containing pot at both times. Periodically, height, pseudostem diameter and leaf emission were evaluated. After the release of leachate by the residue, plants were taken to the laboratory, and the area of leaves and roots, their respective masses, and the leaf nutrient content were determined. The nutritional composition of the residue was evaluated before being applied for both seasons. In summer, accumulated dry matter in the different organs, leaf area and root area was higher in the presence of the residue, while in winter, only root dry mass was higher (P < 0.01). The application of residue had a consistent effect on root growth, which can be exploited in the field.

ABSTRACT Establishing sufficiency ranges and critical levels of nutrients are important for a correct evaluation of plant nutrition through leaf diagnosis. This study aimed to propose critical levels and sufficiency ranges of macro and micronutrients based on leaf diagnosis of soybean plants. The database used was generated from 86 samples of the third trifoliate leaf without petiole, collected during the flowering stage from soybean plants of the main cultivars used in the states of Piauí and Maranhão, Northeast region of Brazil. The results of macro and micronutrients and grain yield were used to calculate the critical level by the reduced normal distribution and boundary line methods, the latter was also used to generate the sufficiency ranges. Nutrient levels for 90 % maximum grain yield were considered for the critical level by the reduced normal distribution, and nutrient levels at the upper line of a dispersion diagram were considered for the boundary line method, using the relation between grain yield and nutrient concentration to generate sufficiency ranges for 95 and 99 % maximum grain yields. The critical levels generated by the boundary line method presented a larger number of deficient samples than the reduced normal distribution method, except for boron. The sufficiency ranges generated by the boundary line with 95 % of the maximum grain yield could not diagnose nutrient deficiency, except for copper. The critical levels by the reduced normal distribution and boundary line methods for leaf diagnosis of soybean were 40.2 and 42.1 g kg-1, 3.2 and 3.4 g kg-1, 17.6 and 19.5 g kg-1, 8.7 and 10.3 g kg-1, 4.7 and 4.9 g kg-1, 2.1 and 2.4 g kg-1, 44 and 44 mg kg-1, 5 and 12 mg kg-1, 125 and 145 mg kg-1, 33 and 34 mg kg-1, and 48 and 63 mg kg-1 for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn, respectively. The critical levels by boundary line showed better distribution for leaf diagnosis for excess, deficiency, and adequate nutrient levels. The sufficiency ranges by the boundary line method for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn were 38.6-45.7 g kg-1, 3.1-3.7 g kg-1, 18.3-20.7 g kg-1, 9.4-11.3 g kg-1, 4.4-5.3 g kg-1, 2.1-2.7 g kg-1, 35-53 mg kg-1, 10-14 mg kg-1, 131-159 mg kg-1, 23-46 mg kg-1, and 58-68 mg kg-1, respectively. The reduced normal distribution and boundary line methods allowed the generation of critical levels and sufficiency ranges for leaf diagnosis of soybean. The sufficiency range generated by the boundary line with 95 % maximum grain yield showed no prevalence of diagnosis of nutrient deficiency, except for copper.

Resumo O presente trabalho teve como objetivo comparar a utilização da análise de folha e flor, e verificar o órgão mais adequado para o diagnóstico do estado nutricional de goiabeiras. A avaliação foi realizada por meio da metodologia CND (Diagnose da Composição Nutricional), utilizando rendimento e teores nutricionais de flor e folha de goiabeiras ‘Paluma’, em 48 parcelas de um pomar irrigado. Os teores dos nutrientes de flor e folha foram submetidos à análise de variância, pelo teste de Tukey, a 5%, e calcularam-se as faixas de suficiência dos nutrientes nos órgãos, bem como as correlações entre as variáveis multinutrientes e o rendimento. Observou-se diferença significativa entre os teores de nutrientes na flor e na folha, bem como maior variabilidade dos teores nutricionais na folha. Os intervalos das faixas de suficiência da flor mostraram-se menores em comparação com a folha. O número de correlações entre os nutrientes e o rendimento foi maior na flor. A maior sensibilidade da análise floral, em expressar as interações entre os nutrientes e a produtividade, indica que esse órgão também pode ser utilizado para o diagnóstico nutricional de goiabeiras.

Abstract The present study aimed to compare the use of leaf and flower analysis and to verify the most appropriate organ for the diagnosis of the nutritional status of guava trees. The evaluation was carried out using the CND (Compositional Nutrient Diagnosis) methodology, using yield and nutritional contents of the leaf and flower of ‘Paluma’ guava trees in 48 plots of an irrigated orchard. The contents of flower and leaf nutrients were submitted to variance analysis, by the Tukey test at 5%, and the nutrient sufficiency ranges in organs were calculated, as well as the correlations between multi-nutrient variables and yield. Significant differences between contents of nutrients in flower and leaf, as well as greater variability in the nutritional contents in leaf, were observed. The sufficiency ranges of flower proved to be shorter compared to leaf. The number of correlations between nutrients and yield was higher in the flower. The greater sensitivity of the leaf analysis in expressing interactions between nutrients and yield indicates that this organ can also be used for the nutritional diagnosis of guava trees.

ABSTRACT The recommendations of nitrogen (N) fertilization in garlic are still based on different varieties of the current types that are infected with phytopathogenic virus. There are several methods for recommendation of nitrogen (N) fertilization in garlic, but there are no enough methods for N diagnosis in garlic obtained by meristem culture. The objective of this work was to evaluate methods for diagnosing the nutritional status of virus-free garlic subjected to N doses through the use of a specific NO3- meter in soil solution and foliar sap, portable chlorophyll meter, N content in the leaf, and its relationship with yield and quality of the bulbs. The experiments were conducted with the use of virus-free seed bulbs from the meristem culture from three sites in the 2015 growing season and two locations in the 2016 growing season in South Brazil. The treatments consisted of the application of five nitrogen doses (0, 100, 200, 300, and 400 kg ha-1) distributed in three applications during the crop cycle: 1/3 in planting, 1/3 between 30 and 40 days after planting, and 1/3 after visual bulb differentiation. The highest commercial yield was associated with doses between 269 and 307 kg ha-1 of N and the content of 26 g kg-1 of N, in the diagnostic leaf. The relative chlorophyll content was the only diagnostic technology that showed a significant correlation with commercial yield in all experimental conditions. The evaluation of the N status in the virus-free garlic crop by a portable chlorophyll meter can be a quick strategy for recommending N fertilization and ensuring high yields.

Resumo A bananicultura possui destaque na produção agrícola brasileira. Este destaque é alcançado devido ao uso de tecnologias de cultivo e de adubação adequada feita através de recomendações de avaliação de análises foliares. Objetivou-se neste estudo determinar a sazonalidade do estado nutricional da folha diagnóstica, durante o desenvolvimento do cacho da bananeira. Os experimentos foram conduzidos no município de Sete Barras-SP, com as cultivares ‘Grande Naine’ e ‘Prata’, no verão e no inverno. Avaliou-se a influência da coleta da folha diagnóstica nas estações, em seis épocas, durante o desenvolvimento do cacho, e comparou-se com a amostragem-padrão. Os valores foram submetidos à análise de variância, e, quando o F foi significativo realizou-se comparação de médias. As estações de amostragem e os estádios de coleta influenciaram o comportamento dos nutrientes na folha diagnóstica de ambas as variedades, com exceções para o Mg e o Mn. Os teores médios dos nutrientes durante os estádios de coleta não apresentaram diferença entre o 1º, 2º, 3º e 4º (padrão). Assim, para as bananeiras ‘Prata’ e ‘Grande Naine’, cultivadas no Vale do Ribeira, não há alteração significativa no teor foliar de nutrientes entre os estádios 1o a 4o, possibilitando a ampliação de coleta para análise de tecido foliar.

Abstract Banana farming has an important position in Brazilian agricultural production. This position was earned due to the use of cultivation technologies and adequate fertilization made through recommendations of evaluation of foliar analyzes. The objective of this study was to determine the seasonality of the nutritional status of the diagnostic leaf during the development of banana tree. The experiments took place in the city of Sete Barras / SP, with cultivars such as Grande naine and Prata, on summer and winter. It was evaluated the influence of the collection of the diagnostic leaf in the stations, in six seasons during the development of the banana bunch and it was compared with the standard sampling. The values were submitted to analysis of variance, and when the F was significant, a comparison of means was performed. The sampling stations and the collection stages influence the nutrient behavior in the diagnostic leaf of both varieties, with exceptions for Mg and Mn. The average levels of nutrients during the collection stages showed no difference among the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th (standard). Even for the ‘Prata’ and Grande Naine banana plants cultivated in the Ribeira Valley, there is no significant alteration in the nutrient content of the foliage among the 1st to 4th stages, allowing an increasing of collection for foliar tissue analysis.

RESUMO O estudo foi conduzido em pomares comerciais de goiabeiras ‘Paluma’ e ‘Pedro Sato’, irrigados, que foram mapeados com GPS de navegação Garmin (Cx60). Houve a demarcação de 65 pontos de amostragem, demarcados em grade amostral de 21 x 21 m, sendo avaliadas a umidade gravimétrica e a resistência do solo à penetração (RSP), com auxílio de um penetrômetro automatizado, haste com cone tipo 3 com ângulo de 45º (RSP máximo de 15.100kPa). Os dados com distribuição não normal foram analisados por geoestatística e interpolação por krigagem ordinária. Os valores de RSP, onde ocorre o tráfego de máquinas, foi maior do que o avaliado na linha de plantio da cultura. Houve variabilidade espacial da RSP entre as camadas avaliadas, sendo que a camada entre 0,10-0,20 m, na linha do tráfego de máquinas, apresentou a maior RSP (>4000kPa).

ABSTRACT The study was conducted in irrigated commercial orchards of ‘Paluma’ and ‘Pedro Sato’ guavas, which were mapped with a Garmin GPS unit (Cx60). Sixty five sampling points were marked on a 21 x 21 m sampling grid. Gravimetric humidity and soil penetration resistance (SPR) were evaluated with the help of an automated penetrometer rod with a type 3 cone at a 45º angle (maximum SPR 15,100 kPa). Data with non-normal distribution were analyzed by geostatistics and interpolation by ordinary kriging. SPR values were higher where machine traffic occurs than on the lines where the crop is planted. There was spatial variability of the SPR among the layers evaluated, with the layer between 0.10-0.20 m, on the line of the machine traffic, presenting a higher SPR (>4000 kPa).

Resumo A importância da nutrição mineral para as diversas espécies de plantas é reconhecida há muitos anos. Por estarem diretamente ligados aos processos fisiológicos e metabólicos, os nutrientes favorecem o crescimento de porta-enxertos e mudas, contribuindo para a formação de pomares mais produtivos. Em razão da carência de informações técnicas para a maioria das frutíferas, a fertilização em viveiros ainda é feita de forma empírica, por vezes subestimando ou superestimando as exigências nutricionais e comprometendo a qualidade das plantas produzidas. Tendo em vista a importância da nutrição mineral na formação de mudas com qualidade, bem como a escassez de informações científicas, a presente revisão objetiva despertar o interesse para novas pesquisas, além de contribuir para a produção de mudas de frutíferas nutricionalmente equilibradas.

Abstract The importance of mineral nutrition to the various plant species has been recognized for many years. Since nutrients are directly linked to physiological and metabolic processes, they promote the growth of rootstocks and seedlings, contributing to the formation of more productive orchards. As a consequence of the lack of technical information for most fruit trees, fertilization in nurseries has still been carried out empirically, sometimes underestimating or overestimating nutritional requirements and compromising the quality of plants produced. Given the importance of mineral nutrition in the formation of high-quality seedlings and the lack of scientific information on the topic, the aim of the present review was to raise interest in further research, and contribute to produce nutritionally balanced fruit seedlings.

RESUMO Com o advento da Sigatoka negra nos bananais comerciais do Vale do Ribeira, SP, o monitoramento da severidade e o controle químico da doença em variedades suscetíveis passaram a ser mais frequentes, a fim de evitar a perda de folhas. Dessa forma, foi realizada a simulação da desfolha causada pela doença, com o objetivo de avaliar o seu efeito na produção e na qualidade dos frutos da bananeira ‘Prata Comum’ (AAB), em função do período de formação e da posição da penca no cacho. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2x11 (dois períodos de formação do cacho x número de folhas na floração (6 a 16), com seis repetições. No Período 1, a floração ocorreu em 15/04/13 e no Período 2, em 07/01/14. Apesar de, no Período 1, a massa do cacho ter sido mais elevada, no Período 2 observou-se temperaturas médias diárias máximas e mínimas, precipitação e radiação mais elevadas. Independente do período de formação, o número de folhas na floração afetou a massa do cacho, que variou de 18 a 23 kg planta-1. A desfolha afetou o tamanho dos frutos da penca 1 e última penca do cacho, mas não a variação de tamanho dos frutos em função da posição que o mesmo ocupa no cacho e características físico-químicas.

ABSTRACT With the advent of black sigatoka in commercial banana crops in the “Vale do Ribeira” region, state of São Paulo, the monitoring the severity and chemical control of the disease in susceptible varieties have become more frequent in order to avoid leaf loss. This study simulated the effect of defoliation caused by the disease on the yield and quality of ‘Prata Comum’ banana fruits, depending on the formation period and fruit position in the bunch. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 2 x11 factorial scheme (period of bunch formation x number of leaves at flowering), 6-16 leaves at flowering in two periods of bunch formation with six replicates. In Period 1, flowering occurred at 04/15/13 and in Period 2 at 01/07/14, although in Period 1, bunch mass was higher and in Period 2, higher average maximum and minimum daily temperatures, precipitation and radiation were observed. Regardless of formation period, the number of leaves at flowering affected bunch mass, which ranged from 18 to 23 kg plant-1. Defoliation affected the size of fruits of hand 1 and last hand of the bunch, but not the variability in fruit size due to the position the fruit occupies in the bunch and physicochemical characteristics.